Org behavior free essay sample

Upon successful completion of this course, the student will be able to: 1. Define, discuss, and recognize important terminology, facts, concepts, principles, analytic techniques, and theories taught in this organizational behavior course. 2. Identify and apply appropriate terminology, facts, concepts, principles, analytic techniques, and theories from the organizational behavior course when analyzing factual situations with organizational behavior problems. 3. Develop reasonable solutions to organizational behavior problems using appropriate facts, concepts, principles, analytic techniques, and theories from this organizational behavior course. 4. Evaluate the quality of their proposed solutions to organizational behavior problems against appropriate criteria, including organizational constraints. 5. Discuss the relevance and application of the concepts, principles, and theories used in organizational behavior to contemporary events. 6. Identify and discuss the interrelationships among the concepts, principles, and theories used in the different areas of organizational behavior. https://webster. campusconcourse. com/view_syllabus? course_id=24492 5/24/2013 Concourse | Organizational Behavior Page 2 of 5 REQUIRED TEXTBOOK Organizational Behavior Author: Robbins and Judge Publisher: Prentice Hall Edition: Please Use Most Recent Edition EVALUATION Your course grade will be based on your scores on your examinations, papers, assignments, and your contributions to class discussions. We will write a custom essay sample on Org behavior or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These different components will be weighted as follows: Midterm Examination: 40% Final Examination: 20% Paper: 40% Letter Calculation: 93 – 100 = A, 90 – 92 = A-, 87 – 89 = B+, 82 – 86 = B, 76 – 81 = B-, 60 – 75 = C, 0 – 59 = F COURSE POLICIES This syllabus may be revised at the discretion of the instructor without the prior notification or consent of the student. The schedule below presents an approximate expectation of course progress. The instructor reserves the right to add, delete, or modify any weeks of this schedule. Any changes will be announced during class. Academic Dishonesty: Webster University strives to preserve academic honor and integrity by repudiating all forms of academic and intellectual dishonesty, including cheating, fabrication, plagiarism, and facilitation of academic dishonesty. Academic dishonesty is unacceptable and may result in disciplinary action, as outlined in the Graduate Studies catalog. Late work, including exams is subject to a 10% penalty. No work will be accepted via email. Papers must be submitted in class. INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES University policies are provided in the current course catalog and course schedules. They are also available on the university website. This class is governed by the universitys published policies. The following policies are of particular interest: Academic Honesty The university is committed to high standards of academic honesty. Students will be held responsible for violations of these standards. Please refer to the universitys academic honesty policies for a definition of academic dishonesty and potential disciplinary actions associated with it. https://webster. campusconcourse. com/view_syllabus? course_id=24492 5/24/2013 Concourse | Organizational Behavior Page 3 of 5 Drops and Withdrawals Please be aware that, should you choose to drop or withdraw from this course, the date on which you notify the university of your decision will determine the amount of tuition refund you receive. Please refer to the Add/Drop/Withdraw section of the academic catalog for further information and to find the deadlines for dropping a course with a full refund and for withdrawing from a course with a partial refund. Special Services If you have registered as a student with a documented disability and are entitled to classroom or testing accommodations, please inform the instructor at the beginning of the course of the accommodations you will require in this class so that these can be provided. Disturbances Since every student is entitled to full participation in class without interruption, disruption of class by inconsiderate behavior is not acceptable. Students are expected to treat the instructor and other students with dignity and respect, especially in cases where a diversity of opinion arises. Students who engage in disruptive behavior are subject to disciplinary action, including removal from the course. Grading Please refer to the most recent academic catalog for information on the Webster University grading policy. Student Assignments Retained From time to time, student assignments or projects will be retained by The Department for the purpose of academic assessment. In every case, should the assignment or project be shared outside the academic Department, the students name and all identifying information about that student will be redacted from the assignment or project. Contact Hours for this Course It is essential that all classes meet for the full instructional time as scheduled. A class cannot be shortened in length. If a class session is cancelled for any reason, the content must be covered at another time. SCHEDULE Week Topics https://webster. campusconcourse. com/view_syllabus? course_id=24492 5/24/2013 Concourse | Organizational Behavior Page 4 of 5 Chapters in Text Terminology Appendix A Introduction to the Field of Organizational Behavior 1 1 Diversity 2 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction Emotions and Moods 4 Personality and Values 2 3 5 Perception and Individual Decision Making 3 6 7 Application of Motivational Concepts 8 Leadership 12 Power and Politics 4 Motivational Concepts 13 Review 5 Midterm 6 Foundations of Group Behavior Understanding Work Teams 9 10 11 Communication 7 Conflict and Negotiation in the Workplace 14 15 Foundations of Organizational Structure 16 Organizational Culture 8 Human Resource Policies and Practices 17 18 https://webster. campusconcourse. com/view_syllabus? course_id=24492 5/24/2013 Concourse | Organizational Behavior Page 5 of 5 Organizational Change and Stress Review Term Papers Due 9

Free Essays on Stalin And The JAC

Modern World History Joseph Stalin led the Socialist Soviet Union in the â€Å"Revolution from Above,† a movement to centralize the government and transform society without popular participation . Because Stalin’s radical goals were vicious for the populace to attain, his legitimacy was based on the credibility of his ideological authority . In protection of that conviction, Stalin was in constant fear of competitive initiative and philosophy. Stalin subjected society and culture to strict party surveillance and control, issuing pro-socialist, xenophobic propaganda, censoring literature, art, and media, and launching anti-religious campaigns . In addition to his confiscation of religious property and denunciation of belief, Stalin was a contemptuous anti-Semite, using Jewish people as a symbol of corrupt capitalist ethic. However, in 1941, Stalin discontinued his Jewish intolerance and supported the formation of the Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) in 1942, contradicting practiced St alinism and amending his previously unquestionable policy. Even after WWII, Stalin collaborated with the United States and supported the creation of a Jewish State in Palestine. Soviet Jews raised great hope for future friendship and cooperation with the government . Suddenly, in 1948, Stalin changed his position again, dissolving the JAC, arresting prominent Jews, and beginning the â€Å"Black Years† of refreshed repression and anti-Semitism. Although Stalin’s drastic doctrinal oscillations were completely out of character for the immovable dictator, the changes in Jewish administration were not the only exceptions in his etiology that Stalin made from WWII to his death. The effects of Stalin’s inconstancies were inevitably destructive to his legitimacy and authority. What compelled a fanatically unyielding and calculating dictator to alter his policy self-preservation, miscalculation, composite guilt, or deteriorating mentality? â€Å"... Free Essays on Stalin And The JAC Free Essays on Stalin And The JAC Modern World History Joseph Stalin led the Socialist Soviet Union in the â€Å"Revolution from Above,† a movement to centralize the government and transform society without popular participation . Because Stalin’s radical goals were vicious for the populace to attain, his legitimacy was based on the credibility of his ideological authority . In protection of that conviction, Stalin was in constant fear of competitive initiative and philosophy. Stalin subjected society and culture to strict party surveillance and control, issuing pro-socialist, xenophobic propaganda, censoring literature, art, and media, and launching anti-religious campaigns . In addition to his confiscation of religious property and denunciation of belief, Stalin was a contemptuous anti-Semite, using Jewish people as a symbol of corrupt capitalist ethic. However, in 1941, Stalin discontinued his Jewish intolerance and supported the formation of the Jewish Antifascist Committee (JAC) in 1942, contradicting practiced St alinism and amending his previously unquestionable policy. Even after WWII, Stalin collaborated with the United States and supported the creation of a Jewish State in Palestine. Soviet Jews raised great hope for future friendship and cooperation with the government . Suddenly, in 1948, Stalin changed his position again, dissolving the JAC, arresting prominent Jews, and beginning the â€Å"Black Years† of refreshed repression and anti-Semitism. Although Stalin’s drastic doctrinal oscillations were completely out of character for the immovable dictator, the changes in Jewish administration were not the only exceptions in his etiology that Stalin made from WWII to his death. The effects of Stalin’s inconstancies were inevitably destructive to his legitimacy and authority. What compelled a fanatically unyielding and calculating dictator to alter his policy self-preservation, miscalculation, composite guilt, or deteriorating mentality? â€Å"...

Calculating Density - Worked Example Problem

Calculating Density Problem Density is a measure of how much matter is in a space. It is expressed in units of mass per volume, such as g/cm3 or kg/L. This is a worked example of how to calculate the density when given the volume and mass of a substance. Sample Density Problem A brick of salt measuring 10.0 cm x 10.0 cm x 2.0 cm weighs 433 grams. What is its density?Solution:Density is the amount of mass per unit volume, or:D M/VDensity Mass/VolumeStep 1: Calculate VolumeIn this example, you are given the dimensions of the object, so you have to calculate the volume. The formula for volume depends on the shape of the object, but its a simple calculation for a box: Volume length x width x thicknessVolume 10.0 cm x 10.0 cm x 2.0 cmVolume 200.0 cm3Step 2: Determine Density Now you have the mass and the volume, which is all the information you need to calculate density.Density Mass/VolumeDensity 433 g/200.0 cm3Density 2.165 g/cm3Answer:The density of the salt brick is 2.165 g/cm3. A Note About Significant Figures In this example, the length and mass measurements all had 3 significant figures. So, the answer for density should also be reported using this number of significant figures. Youll have to decide whether to truncate the value to read 2.16 or whether to round it up to 2.17.

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FOR PRACTICE & POPULATIONS Essay

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH FOR PRACTICE & POPULATIONS - Essay Example Additionally, the disease is also caused owing to the consumption of various tobacco products, and diseases like diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure among others. Two types of AMI are commonly identified in medical practices that include ST-segment elevated i.e. ‘ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction’ (STEMI) and not ST-segmenting elevated i.e. ‘Non ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction’ (NSTEMI). Both STEMI and NSTEMI are diagnosed with the assistance of Electrocardiogram (ECG) test. STEMI is the acute form of heart attack, which highly damages the muscles of the heart, unlike NSTEMI, which often damages in a milder form. Contextually, the period of time from the entrance of a patient to a health care center to the first balloon inflation in the primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) is known as Door to Balloon Time (DBT). If the time in DBT is more than the 90 minutes, which is widely accepted, then the probability of seriousness of a patient’s health increases and mortality increases, this may even lead to the death of a patient (Topol & Teirstein, 2011). Correspondingly, the objective of the essay is to improve the quality of service in health center to minimize DBT. The essay also considers the changes and improvement required in current nursing practices in different hospitals and healthcare centers for better care as well as treatment services. The introduction of the master’s prepared nurses is also taken into consideration with the aim of transforming the body of knowledge practiced by nurses. The development of the nursing practice in healthcare centers has been accomplished in recent times with the introduction of various medical technologies. The emergence of World Health Organization (WHO) also facilitated the improvement of nursing practices in the developing nations. However, there are certain issues regarding nursing practices that have appeared simultaneously and are required to be sorted.

Trends and Challenges in Human Resource Management Essay

Trends and Challenges in Human Resource Management - Essay Example Owing to rapid technological advancements, the demand for well trained employees is high. Organizations are now looking to impart necessary skills to their workers using all kinds of innovative strategies and training resources. With respect to this trend, Rothwell, Hohne, & King (2000), state HR practitioners, " must be ready to manage, design, develop or select, and use learning technologies that support learning and development for their organization" (p. 190). Focus has also shifted to employee development, leadership development and performance improvement. Here again the organization looks to HR practitioners to bring out positive results. Mathis & Jackson(2005) state, "Four major HR challenges faced by managers and organizations now and in the future are the globalization of business, economic and technological changes, workforce demographics and diversity, and organizational cost pressures and restructuring" (p. 28). Nowadays the world is a global - workplace and under these circumstances it is the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) to steer the organization across the choppy waters of international law, cultural issues and the threat of terrorism. Technological changes have made it imperative that HRM adapt itself to meet the needs of the organization. The workplace has become increasingly diverse in terms of ethnicity, gender and age. Therefore HR practitioners must ensure there is no discrimination or harassment on the basis of ill-conceived stereotypes. They must also work to create an environment of security to enable optimal production while keeping at bay employees' insecurities about losing their jobs. A Complete Performance Management System as Opposed to Annual Performance Appraisals: Performance management seeks to enhance performance, introduce changes as per the need, keep up morale, and keep communication channels opens. According to Hendry et al., "Despite a revised perspective which treats performance management as a wide-ranging process many line managers still equate performance management with annual appraisals and their negative aspects" (as cited in Price, 2000, p. 193). Annual performance appraisals are dreaded by the employees. They are asked to fill out forms or are interviewed and then judgments are made as to their character by managers who are usually ill-suited for the purpose. This method of evaluation creates a hostile environment where negative attitudes prevail and no discernible improvement in performance is seen. In the words of Price (2000), "Modern performance management systems emphasize dialogue rather than assessment" (p. 194). Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) and behavioral observation scales (BOS) are popular techniques designed to overcome the shortcomings of performance appraisals. These techniques stay objective, while focusing on employees' performance and potential. Performance management is a key aspect of HRM. It helps bring out the potential of employees as individuals and as team members. Thus by focusing on performance management the HR department can deal effectively with the trends and challenges of Human resource management. References Fitz - enz, J. (2001). How to measure human resource mana

Theory of Mind Essay Example for Free

Theory of Mind Essay Within this TMA I will be discussing Theory of Mind and how it may have evolved in humans, using the Theory of Evolution to explain this. I will also be looking at what the adaptive function of Theory of Mind in humans may be. The adaptive function in this essay means the relative ability of a person to effectively interact with society on all levels and care for one’s self; affected by one’s eagerness to practice skills and follow opportunities for enhancement. Evolution is the procedure which modern organisms have descended from the earliest ancestors. Evolution is accountable for both the similarities and the diversity across all species. Essential to the process is genetic variation on which selective forces can act in order for evolution to occur. Evolution can also be described as descent with modification. Evolution occurs when there is a modification in gene regularity in a population over time. These genetic differences can be inherited and may be passed on to the subsequent generations. The main idea of evolution is all life on earth shares a common ancestor. Charles Darwin first proposed the theory of evolution after spending time on the Galapagos Islands. He developed the theory of evolution which would oppose the creation of man and imply that all species derived from common ancestors through natural selection. Natural selection is thought to be the main factor resulting in the diversity of species. Natural Selection is as stated by Barrett (2002) â€Å"The process whereby physical and behavioral characteristics which enable survival are passed onto descendants† (as cited in Clegg. 2007. Pg121). The disappearance of less suited gene traits and the survival of the better suited genetic traits led Darwin to reason that organisms had evolved over time, where the most advantageous characteristics of species’ are preferred and those organisms who demonstrate them survive to pass on their genes. Darwin believed that organisms had evolved to adapt to their environments. This allowed them to fill a niche in which they would be well suited to their environment and in turn increase survival chances. Darwins finches are an example of the way the species genetic traits have adapted for long term survival via their young. The beaks of the finches Darwin discovered have evolved to be best suited to their purpose. For example, the finches that eat grubs have a slim extended beak to poke holes into the earth and retrieve the grubs. Finches that eat fruits and buds would not be successful at this, as their larger beaks grind down food which gives them an advantage in situations where buds are the only food source for finches. Within humans many adaptations have occurred through Darwin’s idea of natural selection. â€Å"An adaptation is an evolved property of an organism, the original function of which adds to its fitness† (Clegg, 2007, p122). One of these adaptations is called Theory of Mind. Theory of Mind is â€Å"the ability to explain and predict the actions of both oneself and other† (Clegg, 2007, p133). To have Theory of Mind would allow humans to understand what another person feels and use that information to adjust their own actions Studies have been carried out on primates closely related to humans in the gene pool to try and understand the evolution of Theory of Mind. One observation completed by Whiten in 1997 was that of an ape who distracted another to keep the competitor from food which the original ape had seen (as cited in Clegg, 2007, p139). This ape’s deception may point to the ape possessing some Theory of Mind as it realised that the competitor would have d esired the food item also. This can also be related to modern humans as the ability to find food can also be a difficult task for some people such as the tribes who live in the deserts. This will attract a partner as it shows the ability to provide and survive, and will be passed through generations. Archaeological evidence can also be used to try to understand the evolution of Theory of Mind in our ancestors, when it fully appeared in Homo sapiens and its adaptive function. The appearance of archaeological art e.g. cave drawings, around 30,000 years ago shows the humans at the time had the ability to imagine things which allowed them to create the artwork. With the ability to do this it can be said that the people who drew the artwork possessed Theory of Mind. These cave drawings may have been used to attract a partner, which means the genes for imagining and creating the artwork would have been passed to their subsequent children. This adaptation would provide the next generation of humans with the ability to imagine and therefore possessing a quality of Theory of Mind. When this adaptation was passed on and used by the children it would have allowed them to create partnerships and their offspring would also have the same trait. This would allow the gene to become an advantage and therefore be passed on through the generations and continue until the Homo sapiens of today. The ability to imagine can still be used today as a means of attracting a partner. Theory of Mind also allows us to interact with success with other humans and how to understand how someone is feeling from their actions. With the evidence and explanations provided Theory of Mind is an advantage to modern humans as its adaptive function may be to allow individuals to survive longer and therefore create more offspring with the desirable characteristic to suit the environment into which it is born. This allows the Homo sapiens to continue to survive upon the earth. References Clegg, H (2007). Evolutionary Psychology. In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, K. Thomas (Eds), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed., pp.105-160). Milton Keynes: The Open University

The Volkswagen Beetle :: essays research papers

The people's car – generically, Volkswagen in German – is almost as old as the automobile, and the type was familiar in Germany long before the advent of the Volkswagen. Usually these 'popular'; cars were minimal cars, though size and simplicity did not necessarily bring them within the reach of the ordinary man in the street.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Henry Ford did build a successful universal car, to sell at a low price, but his Model T with its 2.9-litre engine was by no means a small car, nor was the Model A that followed it. When it was in production in the late 1920s, small 'proper'; cars in Germany ranged from the 700-cc DKW to the 1-litre Opel, with small Adlers, the BMW Dixi (a license-built Austin Seven) and the NSU-Fiats to come. These stimulated desire rather than a year's wage for an average worker. This prompted motorcycle manufacturer Zundapp to commission a low-cost car design from Dr. Ferdinand Porsche's new design studio. The project did not get far, but a Porsche-designed NSU that reached that prototype stage in 1933 accurately foreshadowed the Volkswagen.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea of a people's car appealed to Porsche, and it fascinated Adolf Hitler. When the Nazi Party came to power in 1933, one of his pet notions was the concept of motoring for the masses, and a meeting with Porsche was to be a meeting of minds. Once again Porsche was commissioned to design a popular car, and when the first ludicrously tight financial limits were relaxed he accepted the technical challenge.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is possible that Porsche received too much credit for the design of the Volkswagen, for most of the technical elements had been seen before in the work of such men as Ledwinka, Rumpler, Rabe and Nibel. The Volkswagen reflected the Porsche Buro's earlier designs, but it was to reach production and eventually succeed beyond the wildest limits of the Thirties dream.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1931, the Porsche independent front suspension was patented. It interested many manufactures, and was to be important to the Volkswagen. It was devised around torsion bars, not new as such, but in this arrangement the two transverse bars were housed in tubular cross members, with a lower trailing link at each end, and an upper link pivoted to the frame and combined with a friction shock absorber. This was lighter than the then-common transverse leaf spring arrangement, but it meant that the wheels rolled with the body.

Progressive Taxation

Progressive taxation rates are unethical and need to be changed. The media likes to say the rich need to pay their fair share and I will show that if everyone paid the same percentage of their income without all the loopholes the current tax system has the government would be better off. This is an ethical issue that needs to be addressed by our current and future leaders to help eliminate the extraordinary amount of debt our country currently has to reimburse. Utilitarianism is that an action is right if it tends to promote happiness and wrong if it tends to produce the reverse of happiness [1].It also involves the happiness of the performer of the action but also that of everyone affected by it. This would lead the current system of progressive taxation since those involved in creating the current tax system believe it is fair to all involved. The poor would see the rich pay a higher percentage of their income to fund the government and the items that they provide. Unfortunately th is country has been using this type of taxation and now it has a tremendous debt to repay. So our current taxation system must not be working if we are not taking in the amount needed to pay our yearly government expenses.Relativism is the belief that everyone has their own version of the solution to the problem. It is also a concept that states points have no truth or validity, but only a subjective value [2]. The discussion of progressive taxation is not one that many people want to change. Everyone that thinks a fair taxation of a flat percentage is afraid it will not promote happiness among those that would have an increase in taxes. This theory would allow us to give the chance to try a flat tax to see if indeed it would increase the income this country generates along with removing tax loop holes allowing some people to avoid paying what they should.My view is more of the relativism type of view. I believe that for our country to avoid a horrible financial crisis we must try t o generate more income and everyone must pay their fair share which would be of an equal percentage of their income. Progression has been  in use somewhere in the world for thousands of years. It is safe to say the debate on its merits goes back at least that far. At the present most nations employ some form of progressive taxation. The first time there was a federal income tax it was imposed in 1861 as a means of financing the Civil War.The tax rates were decreased after the war and the income tax was allowed to expire in 1872. The concept of an income tax was controversial so when a new income tax was levied in 1894 it was challenged in the courts. In 1895 it was found to be unconstitutional. It was not until 1913, with the ratification of the 16th Amendment to the Constitution, that the first constitutionally sanctioned income tax was enacted. The first income tax was a progressive tax [3]. Today, we Americans are paying the highest taxes in our nation's history. The current ta x system is complex and includes several inequities.It penalizes those who are married by making them pay higher taxes than single individuals. Many Americans face a death tax that will claim a large portion of their estate after they die. We need to get rid of our confusing, unfair tax code and replace it with a simple flat tax with one rate with no deductions or special interest loopholes [4]. The overly complicated tax code creates an unnecessary burden on all Americans, with an annual compliance cost estimated to be $365 billion. The extensive nine million plus word document is complex and unfair.It inhibits saving, investment, and creating jobs along with imposing a heavy burden on American families. At the same time, the tax code reduces economic growth. The code is so complex with all of the deductions, credits, and other preferences added to the tax code by the special interest lobbyists. It is because of these loopholes, taxpayers with similar incomes can end up paying diff erent amounts in taxes. This uneven treatment of taxpayers is fundamentally unethical and is not part of the American value of equality under the law.The tax code should be replaced with a new code that is simple to understand, has low rates, that is flat and fair. The new flat tax as outlined in Heritage’s ‘Saving the American Dream’ plan, would replace the current tax system with a simple tax system that would allow America to achieve its full economic potential [5]. It has to be honest in order to help promote economic growth. It will do this while removing disparities in the tax code at the same time. The existing tax system is wrong, especially in its complication and its decrease of our economic audacity.The tax system is complex and it is forced upon all taxpayers. The low income must journey thru the extremely hard to understand Earned Income Credit. Those who can save some money must overcome the loss of confidence and go through the hassle of trying to understand the tax rates and manage the different forms of saving. Businesses investing in new equipment must pay extra to get equity capital and must then overcome the tax hurdles added on their vested interests. This results in a deranged tax system which results in a much smaller economy. The need for tax reform is clear.The tax reform proposals such as the traditional flat tax would only solve part of the problem by regenerating or changing the federal individual and corporate income taxes. A new flat tax would replace income taxes, as well as the death tax, payroll taxes and all tariffs not set aside for a trust fund. Under a flat tax taxpayers will handle a single tax. The design of a flat tax is because of the need for a more rational tax system. Unavoidable high tax rates combined with unethical rules have altered the economic decisions of businesses and families. This leaves the economy in a complete weaker position by these perversions.We need a stronger economy and that i s the goal of a flat tax. It would obtain this goal by achieving an economically neutral tax base and by lowering the tax rates. The amount of taxation and the degree of redistribution are questions that will need to be answered and be separate from the primary question of taxation. Simulations have suggested a flat tax would meet this test of generating enough revenue and would leave the allotment of the federal tax load fundamentally unchanged. A better economy would create more jobs, increased wages and greater economic safeness.The economy has enjoyed economic growth in recent decades along with too many recessions and high unemployment. While this has been happening China and India are regularly gaining strength, and America must act to match their rise. Tax reform would be a good place to start in gaining and advance America’s economic strength for the years ahead. The federal tax code is very complicated and hard for most to understand. Thanks to personal computers and tax software it has created an issue with policymakers in Washington to create tax complexities that tax professionals can have issues understanding.There are too many credits, exemptions and deductions and many of them are subject to special rules and only are allowed at certain amounts of income. With all of this complexity individual taxpayers suffer minor compared to the outrageous rules and exceptions businesses suffer thru. As bad as the complexity is the drain on the economic system by our federal tax system is worse. High tax rates have discouraged all levels of productive activity. Our corporate income tax rate is almost the highest in the industrialized world and higher than the average of our international competitors. The economy is further decreased y the existents system’s impulse to overtax saving which means people are discouraged from saving enough for their retirement and for the large investments. This steers consumers toward debt and everyone towards an a bbreviated economic security. These reactions will lead to a depressed level of national savings which will lower investment opportunities. The federal tax system should not be this hard to understand and damaging to the U. S. economy. It is this way because for many decades Congresses have twisted the system often creating two new issues while trying to solve one issue.The income tax has turned to be a bad decision from its outset. After many Congresses it continues to get worse without any exceptions. A stronger economy would be a vital role in advancing the federal finances. This would create better levels of tax revenue and create less spending needs for the unemployed. A strong economy offers increased wages and increased job opportunities to the citizens of our tax base. This would create less poverty and with less poverty comes fewer demands for welfare. A flat tax would be a complete reform of the entire federal tax system as with most previous tax reform proposals.The flat tax can be started as a single tax plan or as part of a more complete rewriting of our government’s federal fiscal policy. A flat tax would offer astounding understanding for individuals and businesses. It would create much greater clarity so that we taxpayers would be more convinced the taxes that are paid are in close to the amount of their neighbors. It will also allow taxpayers to be more informed about the costs of running our government. The flat tax will free the potential for the American economy to grow without being burdened by high tax rates.American taxpayers spend an average of 26. 5 hours processing and preparing their tax returns [6]. However companies and wealthy people hire teams of professionals to play the system. How is that fair? A flat tax treats everybody the same. You don’t have to worry about missing deductions that the other guy is taking. Other countries in the world have adopted the flat tax, even former Communist countries. Why can’t the United States? Those other countries have understood that a flat tax reduces the incentive to play the system.Because of its simplicity and low tax rate, a flat tax encourages people to stop cheating and honestly report their income. They can be assured that both the rich and the poor are paying the same rates and taking the same deductions. We save time and money and make our country more competitive in the world. A flat tax would replace our existing tax system with a very simple single rate system that would only tax individual’s incomes only once, offers businesses with an economical investment-friendly tax, and replace all federal income taxes along with payroll taxes.This will prove that progressive taxation rates need to be eliminated to allow for a fair and balanced tax rate that all Americans can feel is fair. We do not need to be overtaxed, but equally taxed. We need to save our country from bankruptcy and save it so our children’s children will have a p lace to call home. We need to keep America the greatest country in the world without having the future generations force to pay even higher taxes because our government officials can’t stop spending the money they do not have to spend. 1 – www. utilitarianism. com – Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, plato. stanford. edu 3 – Hoover Institution, Stanford University, www. hoover. org/publications/policy-review/article/72291 4 – Freedom Works, www. freedomworks. org/issues/flat-tax 5 – The Heritage Foundation, www. heritage. org/research/factsheets/2012/01/the-new-flat-tax-encourages-growth-and-job-creation 6 – David Keating, A Taxing Trend: The Rise in Complexity, Forms, and Paperwork Burdens (National Taxpayers Union, April 18, 2011), 13. Available at: http://www. ntu. org/news-and-issues/taxes/tax-reform/ntupp130. html (April 20, 2012)

What advice would you give the actor playing the part of Othello at 3 key points in the play?

‘Othello' is a typical example of a Shakespearean play, in which a noble, well-respected individual is reduced to a mere mortal, all because of a fatal flaw in their personality. ‘Othello' tells the story of a highly respected army general, who is happily married, and is used to the high life, but the cause of his downfall, is that while training and working in the army, he did not learn the true meaning of love and trust. This left him very gullible to the deceitfulness and lying of others. ‘Othello' is set in Venice, which at the time was the height of glamour and culture. It was set here to give the audience an idea of just how much of a commercial center one place can be. Nowadays, we could associate the then popular Venice, to a modern day Paris, or Sydney, because these are the places that are the height of ‘good living', and are developing new ideas all the time, just like Venice was over 400 years ago. Othello was a black, well-trained army general. The colour of his skin left him vulnerable to racism, as this was very frequent at the time. He would sometimes be referred to as ‘the moor', and would be regularly teased, all because of the colour of his skin. Othello was happily though married though, with Desdemona, even though the age difference between the two was reasonably large. In the end though, it was his innocence to marriage, which was the cause of his undoing. Othello, being an army general, was very well respected throughout Venice, but it was no surprise that someone would quickly become jealous of his success, and try to snatch it away from him. It could only be the one person, who was aware of his weaknesses and whom spent the most part of his life along side Othello. Lago. Throughout the play, I should want the audiences opinion of Othello to change. At first I would like the actor playing Othello to act very self confident, and very calm under pressure. This will show the audience that at first Othello was a great leader, and could handle almost every situation in a relaxed and chilled out manor. After Lago's rumours and hints about Desdemona though, I should want the audience's opinion of Othello to change. Instead of appearing calm and confident, I would like the actor playing Othello to stutter and repeat words, and appear as if he loses confidence about himself. Acting like this, the actor playing Othello, will now panic instead of staying cool, and speak unconfidently instead of his normal poetic and fluent style. In the middle of sentences, he will stop to think about what he is going to say, because he is unconfident of his own ability to choose the right words. This will show the audience how just one flaw in your character, can deteriorate your life away, until you do not believe in yourself. This is what happened to Othello. At the beginning of the play, in Act 1 Scene 2, Othello is confronted by Brabantio, this is because Brabantio thinks that Othello has been ‘tupping' his daughter, Desdemona. This scene shows how calm Othello can be under pressure, as he reacts to Brabantio's abuse, in a chilled out way. He says â€Å"Where it my cue to fight, I would have known it without a prompter†, this emphasizes just how controlled Othello is, and to show this, I would want the actor playing Othello to say these words very lightly and calmly, and with this the audience should see quite clearly that Othello has a very controlled personality. Othello also shows how calmly he acts under pressure, when he instructs the soldiers accompanying Brabantio to â€Å"Keep up your bright swords, for the dew may rust them†, this is another great example of how in control Othello is, because instead of reacting like any other person, and threatening Brabantio, he instantly deflates the atmosphere with these words. With this, comes a very effective direct response to Brabantio. This is shown well when he states, â€Å"Good signor you shall more command with years than your weapons†. With this line, Othello makes it clear that he has a lot of respect for Brabantio, even though Brabantio had very recently insulted Othello with abuse such as â€Å"That thou hast practis'd on her with foul charms†, and â€Å"Abus'd her delicate youth with drugs and minerals†. During this scene I should want the audience to see the good side of Othello. I would want them to see that Othello can be a very controlled and clever person, the person playing Othello should show this by keeping his lines fluent and poetic, and using light gestures and body language, in order to keep the situation between him and Brabantio from spilling over. He should seem to pick his words carefully, so that he could not possibly give one reason for Brabantio to feel at all threatened or mad with him. In this scene Act 3 Scene 3, Lago is planting the seeds of doubt in Othello's mind, regarding Desdemona, and her actions behind Othello's back. With this, Othello's mood changes, and so he becomes uncertain and acceptant of Desdemona's actions. Then, at the end of the scene, Lago has told Othello so many lies, that he explodes in anger, and threatens Desdemona's life. The audience should then see the contrast in personalities of Othello, and the deterioration in which they have taken throughout the last two scenes. The actor playing Othello repeating words unnecessarily, and stuttering in the middle of sentences should show this. At the start of this scene, Lago can sense that his ploy his working, â€Å"The moor already changes with my poison†. This shows that Lago has detected a change in personality of Othello, and that the poison he has injected into Othello may well spread to be even more violent. Othello then enters the scene, and instantly the audience should be able to see the difference in the way in which he acts. One of his first sections speeches contains the word â€Å"farewell† no more than three times. This shows that Othello is suffering under the stress of Lago's rumours, and so is beginning to repeat words over and over again. Just before that Othello had broken into a traumatised speech, â€Å"I swear 'tis better to be much abus'd than but to know't little†. This means that he would rather be beaten, than know only a part of what Desdemona is doing behind is back. This shows how much he fears that Desdemona is having an affair. At this point the audience should be seeing the despairing side of Othello, his language has now changed from calm and poetic, â€Å"My parts, my title, and my perfect soul shall manifest me rightly†, into a desperate cry for help and certainty, â€Å"I think my wife be honest, I think she is not†. He then grows to accept the rumours, and so becomes aggressive, â€Å"Villain, be sure to prove my love a whore†. This shows that now Othello thinks Desdemona is cheating on him, he must prove her guilty, this is a sign of acceptance from Othello, and so now he will believe virtually anything Lago tells him. Lago takes this opportunity to anger Othello further with an even bigger lie than before, he goes on to say that he â€Å"lay with Cassio†, and during his sleep Cassio cried out, â€Å"Sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our love†. Then he says that Cassio â€Å"kissed me hard, as if he plucked up kisses by the root†. Othello then reacts to this lie with some imagery, â€Å"O monstrous, monstrous! † and â€Å"I'll tear her pieces! † This shows that Othello has believed everything Lago told him, and is now even angrier than before. Then Lago tells his final lie, this will finish off Othello, and make him so that he will never love Desdemona again, it is about Othello's prized possession, a red handkerchief. Lago tells Othello that he has seen the handkerchief in the possession of Cassio. This causes Othello to react ruefully, â€Å"If that be†¦ † he says. This shows that Othello has had enough of Desdemona, even though he has not witnessed any of these ‘happenings'. He says that line, leaving the audience to wonder what Othello could well do to Desdemona. And then, in his anger and confusion, he says the line â€Å"O blood, blood, blood†. Repeating the word blood over and over again, can only make the audience think of what is on his mind. The actor playing Othello should use strong body language when angry, bold gestures could be used to indicate that Othello is feeling very mad, and is liable to over-heat at any given time. In this scene Othello discovers that Lago has being lying all of the time, but he has already killed Desdemona. Othello, at first, believes the rumours about Desdemona, â€Å"She was false as water†, where true. Then Othello confronts Emilia about her husbands actions, at first he accuses Lago, â€Å"Thy husband knew it all†, but then, Othello realises that Lago is his best friend, and so convinces himself that Lago was telling the truth, â€Å"My friend, thy husband, honest, honest Lago†. At this point in the play, Othello is feeling sorrow for himself, and how badly his relationship with Desdemona is deteriorating. To show this to the audience, the actor playing Othello must speak unconfidently, and in a quiet voice, this way the audience should be able to see how Othello's mood has changed from the start of the play, when he has confident and calm. Now that Othello has discovered Lago's lies, he feels a strong remorse towards him, â€Å"Are there no stones in heaven but what serves for the thunder? Precious Villain! † Othello should now acting as with remorse towards Lago. For the audience to see this, the actor playing Othello should, when talking about Lago, curse his words, and become aggressive, snappy and violent. The audience should now be seeing how aggressive Othello could be, this a big difference from the quiet Othello that they have just witnessed minutes previously. Now that Othello has realises what he has done, he pleads the demons of hell for torture, â€Å"O cursed, cursed slave! Whip me, ye devils†. With this implied, Othello now counts himself as the most unfortunate of men, â€Å"That's he that was Othello†. Even being an army general, Othello cannot find it in himself to kill Lago, â€Å"If that thou be'st a devil, I cannot kill thee†. This shows the audience just how good friends Othello and Lago used to be. Even though Lago has ruined Othello's life completely, Othello still cannot kill Lago. Still though, Othello mourns the death of Desdemona, saying â€Å"For in my sense 'tis happiness to die. † Cassio then tells Othello of how â€Å"he himself confessed†, talking about Lago steeling Desdemona's handkerchief. Othello cannot believe himself, that he thought Lago's story to be true, he replies â€Å"O fool, fool, fool! â€Å", referring to his own mistake. Othello is now in a state of devastation, and with this he says, â€Å"I kiss'd thee ere I kill'd thee; no way but this, killing myself to die upon a kiss†. With this, Othello gives the corpse of Desdemona one, final kiss, and kills himself, falling upon Desdemona in peace. At the end of the play, the audience should be feeling sorry for Othello, because of the tragedy he has been lured into. With the drama and sadness that his final line brings, this is the only possible feeling that the audience could possibly have towards Othello. His action throughout the final phase of the play, should have been acted out with no energy, because at this time in the play, Othello has been mentally and physically drained. The audience should be able that, through no fault of his own, the fatal flaw in his character was exposed.

microbio importance Essay Example

microbio importance Essay Example microbio importance Essay microbio importance Essay Why should we study microbiology? Has there been any change in the quality of our life due to knowledge that we have acquired from the study of microbes? In other words what is the importance of microbiology in our life? We will try to find answers to some of these in the discussion below. The discussion on the role of microbes in human welfare may be divided under two headings good and bad. Microbes as we know are capable of both good and bad as for as human life is concerned. We will now list both the harm and benefit by microbes and then let us draw a conclusion as o how microbiology has helped us to control or kill the bad microbes and make maximum use of good microbes.. TOP Harmful effects Many of the microbes may be regarded as mans worst enemies. They cause a wide array of diseases that not only in threatens the existence of plants and animals on which he depends, but his own existence also directly. Viral, bacterial and fungal diseases of human beings have taken a heavy toll of human life, destruction of domesticated animals and total loss of agricultural crops. Before the discovery of microbes and before they were connected to diseases (germ theory of disease), the easons for these diseases were not known and man continued to suffer. But the development of microbiology gave man an insight into the life of microbes. Study of the structure and life history of microbes and their physiology, metabolism genetics etc. will help us to control them so that diseases can be prevented and if it occurs can be cured. TOP Beneficial activities The benefit that man can derive from the activities of microbes are immense. Study of these in microbiology helps us to improve (both in quality and quantity) these activities so that man can be benefited. Medical microbiology, Agricultural icrobiology, Environmental microbiology, Industrial microbiology, biotechnology are all branches of microbiology that tell us as to how in various human endeavours, microbiology is giving a helping hand to improve the quality of life. Biotechnology is one field which has the potential to change the course of life itself. Employed properly, it can bring about vast improvement in human life and his environment. But used improperly Oust as atomic energy is used for making bombs) it can bring about untold misery to human life. Creation of new genetically engineered microbes using the technique of animals and crop plants etc. Some microbes may also help us to check pollution as for example bacteria that can feed on oil spill. As research tools, to enquire into the fundamental processes of life microbes have rendered great service. They can be cultured, life histories can be studied in a short time and the results obtained can be interpreted for higher forms of life (including human beings) also, as the genetic material is same. From the discussion above, it must be abundantly clear that microbiology has become increasingly important to human society. It (microbiology) has emerged as one of the most important branches of life sciences. As microbes practically affect all activities of our life like, food, clothing, shelter, health hygiene etc, so also microbiology has made vast progressive strides in all these fields in little less than a century to improve the quality of our life. Infectious diseases have almost been conquered by new drugs, quality of agricultural crops improved by using techniques of genetic engineering, new varieties of wines, liquors have been produced perhaps to rise the spirit of man all these arc possible only because of microbiology. All these will make us wonder how our life would have been without the Knowledge of microbiology. TOP BACK

Sample Report Card Comments for Social Studies

Sample Report Card Comments for Social Studies Creating a strong report card comment is not an easy feat. Teachers must find the appropriate phrase that suites that particular students progress thus far. Its always best to begin on a positive note, then you can go into what the student needs to work on. To help assist in writing out your report card comments for social studies, use the following phrases.   Positive Reinforcement In writing comments for elementary student report cards, use the following positive phrases regarding students progress in social studies. Is on the path to becoming a great historian.Social Studies is his/her best subject.Is able to use a map, globe, or atlas to locate continents, oceans, and hemispheres.identifies a variety of social structures in which they live, learn, work and play.Recognizes and understands national holidays, people and symbols.Describes the locations of school and community and understand the parts of a map.Understands laws, rules, and good citizenship.Exhibits a positive outlook and attitude about history.Uses social studies vocabulary correctly while speaking.Demonstrates a deep understanding of social studies concepts.Learns new social studies vocabulary quickly.Has demonstrated increased social skills, such as...Applies process skills in social studies.Uses and applies above level process skills in social studies and uses them to analyze and evaluate information.Takes an active part in discussions pertinent to ___. Encouraging Words In addition to the phrases above, here are a few words and phrases to help you prepare positive descriptive statements. hard-workingdependablecreativerespectfulefficienttalentedself-disciplinedwilling to try againapplies him- or herselfshows effort Aim For Improvement On those occasions when you need to convey less than positive information on a students report card regarding social studies, use the following phrases to assist you. Has difficulty understanding the differences between the...Struggles to understand the influence of...Does not yet demonstrate an understanding of social studies concepts and content.Support is needed in using social studies vocabulary correctly.Support is needed to apply skills in social studies.Would benefit from supervision of homework in social studies.Needs to demonstrate improvement in academic work if he/she is to gain the fundamentals needed for this grade.Has difficulty using a map, a globe, and an atlas to locate continents, oceans, and hemispheres.Has difficulty identifying the significance of place names originated by...Does not complete social studies assignments in the allotted time.Has difficulty locating major landforms and bodies of water in...As we discussed in our last parent-teacher conference, ________s attitude toward the social studies is lacking...Requires repetition to retain information in...Support is needed to apply process skills in social studies.Demonst rates a need for consistent effort and motivation, especially in... Guiding Words In addition to the phrases above, here are a few words and phrases to help you when concerns are evident and a student in need of assistance. Demonstrates a need forRequires help withCould benefit fromNeeds to be encouraged toRequires support toNeeds to be encouraged toNeeds to demonstrate improvement inNeeds help to increaseWould benefit from learningNeeds to be encouraged to comply with

Simultaneous multiple sales channel increase the intention of Dissertation

Simultaneous multiple sales channel increase the intention of purchasing of luxury brand goods - Dissertation Example However, all this changed with economic downturn of 2009. The Luxury goods market growth was stunted by the recession. Post recession, the luxury goods industry, seems to have survived the onslaught. However, the industry the market for the so called accessible luxury goods has been subdued. The exclusivity that is so much a part of the luxury brand goods has been restored and now more focused, established and pure luxury brand goods are likely to succeed and sustain themselves in the market. This downside in the Luxury goods business is likely to prompt research into finding ways to increasing and sustain the sales of the luxury goods without really tarnishing the pure luxury image of such goods. As per current economic situation, the brand equity for luxury goods has regained a place of prime importance. This raises the question as to whether there are ways to enhance the purchase intentions for luxury brands while preserving the said equity (Euro Monitor 2010). Further, the sustai nability of the luxury brand goods has come into question and found fresh attention from business researchers. Taking a long term view of the marketing efforts, there is a need to investigate the means as to increase the purchase intentions of consumers for luxury brands at a very fundamental level. ... This is so, lest it dilutes the brand image. Thus there is a need to find out whether, the more accessible or economic versions of the other wise luxury brand will be sustainable and in line with overall brand value of the luxury goods. The existing sales channels for any given brand typically have their own strengths and weaknesses. Besides, the effectiveness of a channel varies with time. Thus it is important to find out a way to compensate for the effects of decline in sales through a channel. Another pertinent question that arises from the above discussion is whether new sales channels need to be developed to compensate for the downward trends in a given sales channel. Also, it needs to be found whether they can add any real value in terms of the customer experience. It remains to be seen whether any new channels will really be able to have any positive effect on the purchase intentions of the consumers. If yes then how the additional sales channels can be used to maximize the sa les by affecting the purchase intentions. Luxury goods businesses need to have a guiding tool to help them decide whether and how the specific brand they are selling will respond to opening of any new sales channels and whether they will really be beneficial for their given brand. In this context its important to note that certain brands resist opening new sales and distribution channels for their brands. For instance the Rolex brand owners are against internet as a means to sell their brand (Brand Channel 2012). At the same time other luxury brands are endorsing internet as a sales channel. This raises questions about the validity of sales channels’ effectiveness for luxury brands. These questions can be answered only with proper research into the topic. The procurement or